Solution chemistry:Â The homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called solution, there are two component of solution i.e solute and solvent, the solution which is made of two component is called binary solution e.g sugar dissolved in water.
Solute meaning:- The component of solution which is present in smaller amount is called solute.
Solvent meaning:- The Component of solution which is present in large amount is called solvent.
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Example:- sugar solution is formed by dissolving sugar in water, in this solution sugar act as solute while water act as a solvent.
Aqueous definition:- A solution in which water act as as solvent is called aqueous solution, sugar dissolved in water is the example of aqueous solution.
Type of Solution on the basis of Solubility | Saturated solution and Unsaturated solution
On the basis of solubility there are three types of solution, 1. Saturated Solution 2. Unsaturated Solution 3. Super Saturated SolutionÂ
1.) Saturated Solution:- The solution which can not at a given temperature is called saturated solution, if further amount of solute is added to saturated solution, it will remain undissolved and will settle down at the bottom of the glass.
2.) Define saturated solution:- The solution which can dissolve more amount of solute at a given temperature is called unsaturated solution, unsaturated solution has the ability to dissolve more solute at a given temperature.
3.) Super Saturated Solution:- The solution which contain more amount of solute required to saturated it at a given temperature is called super saturated solution.
Explanation of Saturated solution:-Â
When saturated solution is heated, it has the capacity to dissolve more solute then amount of solution contain more solute then amount of solute required to form saturated solution.
Concentration of Solution
The amount solute present in a given amount of solution is called concentration of solution.Â
Dilute solution:- The solution which contain less amount of solute in a definite amount of solvent is called dilute solution.
Concentration Solution:- The solution which contain more amount of solute dissolved in a definite amount of solvent is called concentration solution.
Example of concentration solution:- A solution in which 5 grams of sugar is dissolved in 100 ml of water is dilute as compared to a solution in which 15 grams of sugar is dissolved in 100 ml of water.
Percentage of Composition
The number of part of a solute present in 100 part of a solution is called percentage composition. It is represented in four ways.
Mass by mass percentage composition:- It is the number of gram of solute dissolved per 100 gram of solution is called (m/m%) composition. Example:- 10% m/m solution of NaCl mean that 10 gram of NaCl dissolved in 100 gram of solution this solution certain 90 gram water.
Type of Liquid Solution
i) Liquid in liquid solution:- Alcohol in water is on example of liquid in liquid solution in this solution alcohol act as solute while water act as solvent.
ii)Â Liquid in solid solution:- Mercury amalgam (Hg in Ag) is on example of liquid in solid solution, in this case Mercury act as solute while silver act as solvent.Â
Types of solid solutions
i) Solid in gas solution:- Solid is an example of solid in gas solution. In this case carbon dioxide particles act as solute white air act as solvent.
ii) Solid in liquid solution:- NaCl dissolved in water is an example,in this solution NaCl act as solute while water.
iii) Solid in solid solution:- Brass allay (copper and zinc) is an example of solid in solid solution. In brass allay (copper and tin) is an example of solid in solid solution. In brass allay formation zinc act as solute while copper act as solvent.
Concentration terms of solution
Molarity
Normality
MolalityÂ
Formality
StrengthÂ
Mole Fraction
Molarity
Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved in one dm3 or liter of a solution is called morality. It is represented by M.
Molarity of mathematically:- Mathematically it can be written asÂ
                 volume of solution in dm3
no. of mole of solute =
                   molecular mass of solute
So molarity can be also written as M = amount of solute in gram / molecular mass of solute X volume of solution
On the basis of physical state there are three types of solution.
Weight require for Normality Solution perpetration(x)
X = N * Equivalent weight * V / 1000
Where
X = weight of solute
V = Required of volume
N = NormalityÂ
Mole Fraction
It is the ration of the number of moles of a particular component to the total moles of a system. For a binary system of A and B.
Mole fraction A = Moles of A / Total moles of systemÂ
Note:- Mole% of A = mole fraction of A * 100
Molality:-Â
It is mole of solute in 1 kg solvent. Dissolved 1.0 mole solute in 1 kg solvent, is called molality.
   Molality(m) = Moles of solute / weight of solvent (in kg)Â
This represent of ( m ) and it does not depend upon departure.
Formality of solution
It is number of formula mass in 1.0 (one ) liter solution, defined for ionic compound and represent is F.
F = Mass solute / formula mass X volume ( in liter)
For Example: Q. 44.8 g benzoic acid is +nt in 2 liter solution. find molarity and formality?
Ans. C6H5COOH = 7x12+2x16+6
              = 84+32+6 = 122
M (molarity) = 122 / 2 = 2/10*2 = 0.1 M
Formality (F) = 44.8gm / 122*2 = 2 /1*2*10 = 0.1 F
Strength of solution
Dissolved weight (in gm) of solute in 1.0 liter solution is called of strength and represent of S, unit is g/l.
S = Weight of solute / Volume (liter)Â Â Â
What is solubility
The maximum amount of solute dissolved in a specified amount of solvent at constant temperature is called Solubility.
Solubility is depend uponÂ
(ii)Â Nature of solvent.
(iii) TemperatureÂ
Iv)Â Â PressureÂ
Solubility Principal:- Solubility of solid in liquid, polar solute are soluble in polar solvent and non-polar solute are soluble in non-polar solvent.
Determination Moisture by Dean-Stark Method
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