Most liquids, gases, or both are used in the industrial process, indicating measurement is required to control the pressure of liquid and gas, pressure is an important factor of measurement like Pressure gauge, Manometer, Incline…
In fluid mechanics, specific gravity refers to the weight of a fluid per unit volume. It is denoted by γ (gamma). The specific gravity is calculated by the following formula: Specific Weight (γ) = Density (ρ) × Acceleration due t…
Mechanical properties of fluids are the physical characteristics of fluids that relate to their behavior under various mechanical conditions. The properties of liquids are viscosity, density, compressibility, and surface tension…
Those variables whose change in value affects the performance of the total manufacturing process are called process variables . and process variables are of different types. Process variables are measured and controlled for the …
The method by which counteraction is produced in an automatic controller. It is called the mode of control action. An automatic controller consists of the following elements. 1. Measuring means (c - b) 2. Input means (v - r) 3. A…
Automatic process control systems are used in various industries to maintain and regulate processes, ensuring they operate efficiently and within specified parameters. The mainly used two types of automatic control systems in i…
Such a diagram is used in engineering to show the main part of the system. In thermodynamics, this type of diagram and in mechanics this type of diagram is called a free body diagram and in automatic process control, it is called…
The action that is initiated in a system to remove the difference that occurs when the measured quantity is compared with the desired value is called an automatic control system. Or Maintenance of the desired value of any magn…
Liquid level measurement is the oldest of all measurements and it is very important in the industrial area. The level of liquid in any tank affects both its pressure and the rate of flow of the liquid flowing in it. The liquid l…
Liquid level control systems monitor and control the level of liquids in various tanks. These systems can be used in a wide variety of industries, including food, beverage, oil and gas production, and chemical production . Ther…
A pyrometer is a thermometer that measures temperatures from a distance. It is used in many industries to measure the temperature of an object or material without making contact with it. Pyrometers are used in industrial process…
A thermometer is an instrument used to measure temperature. It consists of a metal or glass tube containing a liquid, usually mercury, that expands and contracts with temperature changes. The expansion and contraction of the liq…
McLeod gauge is used to measure absolute pressure from 1 to 10⁶. This type of gauge is generally used to measure high vacuum and these are easy to use its calibration is almost the same for all non-condensible gauges. McLeod Gau…
There are many parts in all instruments, which work to convert them into circuits according to the prescribed variable amount, it can be classified in four ways. An instrument can have the following written functions. 1. Primary …
It is very important to choose a suitable instrument for a specific measurement. Therefore, for this, we need the performance characteristics of an instrument, these are of the following two types. (1) Static Characteristics. (2…
